Acanthuridae contains 75 species in six genera. All known species are represented in the library. 24 species are common in the aquarium hobby.

Can be found circumtropical, especially around coral reefs. Five species are found in the Atlantic and the remaining species are found in the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Members of this family are characterized by their laterally compressed, oval bodies and have one or more sharp scalpel-like spines on both sides of their caudal peduncle, hence the common name "Surgeonfishes." These spines make formidable weapons and may be used for defense. Many species are brilliantly colored which explains their popularity as aquarium fish.

In the wild, many acanthurids are very social and travel in groups, ranging in number from several individuals to a hundred or more. However, the general rule in the aquarium is that no more than one per species. Aggressiveness varies between species and ranges from semi-aggressive to extremely aggressive. Many species are considered to be "reef-safe" and will not bother sessile invertebrates.

Adults range is size from 15-45 cm (6-16 in) TL and most grow quickly, even in an aquarium. When considering an acanthurid for an aquarium it is important to consider the size to which these fish can grow. Larger species, such as the popular Paracanthurus hepatus (Regal Tang) can reach 31 cm (12.2 in) TL and the Naso lituratus (Lipstick Tang) can reach 45 cm (17.7 in) TL. Most species require plenty of swimming room and suitable hiding places.

Many of these fishes are strictly herbivores, but some feed mainly on zooplankton or detritus. Herbivores should not be introduced into an algae free aquarium unless their dietary needs can be met with daily feedings of plant matter. Suitable foods include: commercial fish foods that contain marine algae or Spirulina, romaine lettuce, and spinach.

All are pelagic spawners and although spawning in captivity may occur, the fry have not been successfully reared in captivity (not known).

In captivity, many members of this family are prone to marine ich.